EPA Lead-Based Paint Frequent Questions

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EPA Lead-Based Paint Program Frequent Questions (March 22, 2018) About the Lead Frequent Questions and Answers: This document presents the Agency’s preliminary response to the issues presented in these questions. Accordingly, it is a living document and the answers may be periodically revised and updated. Because the answers are subject to change, it is recommended that users check back frequently and visit https://www.epa.gov/lead/fqs-rrp-rule for the most up-to-date responses. The responses are intended solely for guidance and do not alter any statutory or regulatory requirements. The document does not supersede any statutory or regulatory provisions. Because the guidance provided in this document often addresses the very specific circumstances stated in each question, the reader should also consult other applicable documents (e.g., 15 U.S.C. 2681 et seq., 40 C.F.R. 745.80 et seq., the Preamble to the Final Rule, etc.). These responses do not necessarily bind EPA or outside parties. EPA evaluates circumstances on a case-by-case basis, and these answers may not apply to a specific situation.

General Information about Lead

Question (23002-22416) What is lead? Answer Lead is a toxic metal that was used for many years in products found in and around our homes. Lead also can be emitted into the air from motor vehicles and industrial sources, and lead can enter drinking water from plumbing materials. Lead-based paint is present in many homes built before 1978. The federal government banned the use of lead-based paint in housing in 1978. To learn more about lead, visit http://www.epa.gov/lead.

Question (23002-24471) Where is lead found? Answer Many homes built before 1978 have lead-based paint. In general, the older your home, the more likely it has lead-based paint. Soil around a home can contain lead from sources like deteriorated exterior paint, past use of leaded gas in cars, or from past renovation activities. Household dust can pick up lead from deteriorating lead-based paint, from past renovation projects, or from soil tracked into a home. If you work with lead, you could bring it home on your hands or clothes. It is important to shower and change clothes before going home. Launder your work clothes separately from the rest of your family's clothes. To learn more about sources of lead, visit https://www.epa.gov/lead/learn-about-lead#found.

Question (23002-18139) I thought lead-based paint had been phased out. How many homes still contain lead-based paint? Answer The Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing estimated that 38 million permanently occupied housing units (40% of all housing units) in the United States contain some lead-based paint that was applied before the residential use of lead-based paint was banned in 1978. “Housing units” include single-family homes, manufactured housing, and multi-unit dwellings like apartments. Vacant housing, group quarters (e.g., prisons, hospitals, and dormitories), hotels, motels, and other short-term housing, military bases, and housing where children are not permitted to live (e.g., housing designated exclusively for the elderly and those with zero-bedroom units) are not included in this number. More information on these statistics is available from HUD.

Question (23002-21128) What are some of the health effects of lead? Answer Lead is known to cause a range of health effects, from behavioral problems and learning disabilities, to seizures and death. Children six years old and under are most at risk from exposure lead-based paint because they crawl on the floor and they put their hands and other items which can have lead-based paint dust on them into their mouths. Because their bodies are still growing, children tend to absorb more lead than adults. 3 Children exposed to lead can suffer from: • Lowered IQ • Damage to the brain and nervous system • Learning and behavioral difficulties • Slowed growth • Hearing problems • Headaches Adults can suffer from: • Reproductive problems (in both men and women) • High blood pressure and hypertension • Nerve disorders • Memory and concentration problems • Muscle and joint pain To learn more about health effects of lead, visit https://www.epa.gov/lead/learn-about-lead#effects.

Question (23002-23458) What should I do if I am concerned about my family's exposure to lead? Answer A blood test is the only way to find out whether you or a family member already has lead poisoning. Call your doctor or local health department to arrange for a blood test. You can protect your family every day by: • Regularly cleaning floors, window sills, and other surfaces. • Washing children's hands, bottles, pacifiers, and toys often. • Making sure children eat a healthy, nutritious diet consistent with the USDA's dietary guidelines. • Wiping off shoes before entering the house. • Using an EPA-certified firm for renovations, or if you are doing the renovation yourself, using lead-safe work practices (see https://www.epa.gov/lead for more information).

Question (23002-21996) What information can I get about lead-based paint in a home before I buy or rent it? Answer Many houses and apartments built before 1978 have some lead-based paint. Lead from paint chips, and dust can pose serious health hazards if not taken care of properly. Federal law requires that individuals receive certain information before renting or buying pre-1978 housing. Sellers and landlords must: • Disclose information on known lead-based paint and lead-based paint hazards in the housing being sold or rented; • Provide buyers and renters with any available records or reports pertaining to lead-based paint or lead-based paint hazards in the housing; and • Provide buyers and renters with a copy of the pamphlet entitled “Protect Your Family from Lead in Your Home.” In addition, sellers must give potential buyers an opportunity to check the home for lead-based paint or lead-based paint hazards.

Question (23002-32411) Building material reuse stores sometimes accept older materials which have been coated with lead-based paint and could pose a lead poisoning hazard. In particular, older windows and doors are likely to contain lead-based paint, and this paint can present very high risks due to friction and impacts causing the paint to deteriorate and generate lead dust. How can employees of these stores and their customers manage lead hazards associated with these older building materials? Answer As a preliminary matter, your state may have laws or regulations addressing the management, handling or sale of materials containing lead-based paint. Therefore, building material reuse stores should contact both their state health department (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/international/relres.html) and state environmental agency for more specific direction. In addition to complying with all state or local law and regulations, EPA recommends the following practices to help minimize lead exposure to employees, volunteers, and customers. At a minimum, EPA suggests that reuse stores label suspect items to indicate that they may contain lead, educate staff about lead hazards, and provide outreach materials to customers about lead-safe work practices. Some useful resources include: Renovate Right (https://www.epa.gov/lead/lead-safe-certifiedguide-renovate-right-2), Steps to LEAD SAFE Renovation, Repair and Painting (https://www.epa.gov/lead/steps-lead-safe-renovation-repair-and-painting-march-2009), and Lead Paint Safety: A Field Guide for Painting, Home Maintenance, and Renovation Work (http://www.hud.gov/offices/lead/training/LBPguide.pdf). These can be downloaded from EPA’s Web site or ordered from the National Lead Information Center at 1(800)424-LEAD or https://www.epa.gov/lead/forms/national-lead-information-center-document-request-form. EPA suggests that reuse stores assume the presence of lead-based paint in pre-1978 residential building materials and all other non-residential building materials, or have these materials tested. Lead test kits that have been recognized by EPA (https://www.epa.gov/lead/epa-recognition-lead-test-kits) are available at most hardware stores; alternatively, an XRF analyzer can be used to detect lead or a paint chip can be sent to a laboratory for analysis.

Question (23002-22897) What is the most significant source of childhood lead exposure in a residence? Answer The scientific literature suggests that nationally lead-contaminated paint dust is the most significant source of childhood lead exposure. Lead dust comes from deteriorating lead-based paint and lead contaminated soil that gets tracked into your home. This dust may accumulate to unsafe levels. Common renovation activities like sanding, cutting, and demolition can also create hazardous lead dust. People, especially children, can swallow lead dust as they eat, play, and do other normal hand-to-mouth activities.
Question (23002-21129) What are some of the health effects of lead in children? Answer Lead is especially dangerous to children under six years of age. Lead can affect children's brains and developing nervous systems, causing reduced IQ and learning disabilities, and behavioral problems. Even children who appear healthy can have dangerous levels of lead in their bodies. To learn more about the health effects of lead visit http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=93&tid=22. 5 Testing for Lead

Question (23002-16836) How can I tell if my home contains lead-based paint? Answer The older your home, the more likely it contains lead-based paint. For example, 87% of homes built before 1940 have some lead-based paint, while 24% of homes built between 1960 and 1978 have some lead-based paint. Lead-based paint may be present in private single-family homes or apartments, government-assisted, or public housing, and in urban, suburban, or rural settings. If you want to know whether or not your home contains lead-based paint, EPA recommends one of the following: • Assume your home contains lead-based paint and take the appropriate precautions. In pre-1978 homes and buildings, this is the simplest and safest approach. • Hire a certified professional to check for lead-based paint. A certified lead-based paint inspector or risk assessor can conduct an inspection to determine whether your home or a portion of your home has lead-based paint and where it is located. This will tell you the areas in your home where lead-safe work practices should be used for renovation, repair, or painting jobs. A certified risk assessor can conduct a risk assessment telling you whether your home currently has any lead hazards from lead in paint, dust, or soil. The risk assessor can also tell you what actions to take to address any hazards. For help finding a certified risk assessor or inspector, call the National Lead Information Center at 1-800-424-LEAD (5323). A number of lead test kits are available for consumer purchase in most retail hardware stores, however, the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) states that consumers should exercise caution when using these lead test kits to evaluate consumer products for potential lead exposures. See https://www.cpsc.gov/content/cpsc-staff-study-home-lead-test-kits-unreliable. To test for lead-based paint in your home, EPA recommends that you hire a certified inspector or risk assessor. For determining whether lead-based paint is present in pre-1978 housing and childcare facilities that are subject to renovation, repair and painting regulations, EPA has recognized three lead test kits, but recognition only applies to use by Lead-Safe Certified renovators. You may also choose to contact a laboratory recognized under EPA’s National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP) for lead paint chip, dust or soil sample analysis. A list of available NLLAP laboratories, including their recognized sample type(s), is available at https://www.epa.gov/lead/nationallead-laboratory-accreditation-program-list.

Question (23002-20555) The lead information pamphlet titled "Renovate Right" states there is a kit consumers can use to collect samples to send to a lab if they suspect any lead hazards have been left after a renovation. Do samples like these need to be taken by certified abatement personnel or a dust sampling technician? Answer No. When all the work is finished, you may want to know if your home, child care facility, or school has been cleaned up properly. One way to check is a lead-dust test. Lead-dust tests are wipe samples sent to a laboratory for analysis. You have the choice of having a lead-dust test done by a lead professional or doing the testing yourself. If you choose to do the testing, some EPA-recognized lead laboratories will send you a kit that allows you to collect samples and send them back to the lab for analysis. Contact the 6 National Lead Information Center at 1-800-424-LEAD (5323) for lists of qualified professionals and EPArecognized lead labs. A list of available EPA-recognized lead laboratories is also available at https://www.epa.gov/lead/national-lead-laboratory-accreditation-program-list. To learn more about making sure your home, child care facility, or school has been cleaned properly after a renovation, visit https://www.epa.gov/lead/renovation-repair-and-painting-program-consumers.

Question (23002-32338) Is lead paint testing required under the Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) Rule? Answer No. A firm can either assume lead-based paint is present and follow the requirements of the rule (which requires no testing), or test and if lead-based paint is found follow the requirements of the regulation.

Question (23002-15211) Do test results from a certified renovator using an EPA-recognized lead test kit (40 CFR § 745.83) or performing paint chip sampling (40 CFR § 745.82) become an official part of the lead-based paint testing record for that house thus negating the need for a certified lead inspector or certified lead risk assessor to conduct the inspection in that area of the house? Can a certified renovator conduct a complete leadbased paint inspection and give the property owner as an inspection report? Answer The results of paint testing using lead test kits or paint chip sampling are part of the official lead-based paint testing record for a home, and must be disclosed under EPA's Real Estate Disclosure regulation (40 CFR part 745, subpart F). However, EPA's regulations only provide for a certified inspector or risk assessor to conduct a lead-based paint inspection and to prepare a lead-based paint inspection report. Thus, allowing renovators to test components does not negate the requirement that a certified inspector or risk assessor follow the requirements set forth in § 745.227(b) when conducting a lead-based paint inspection.

Question (23002-23865) When testing a work area, does one lead test kit or paint chip sample suffice for any single component? What if a component's surface area is extensive (i.e. a large wall)? Answer The certified renovator is only required to use one lead test kit or paint chip sample for each component, even if the surface of the component is extensive (e.g., a large wall).

Question (23002-15694) Does the RRP Rule apply to work on windows that have been installed within the last 20 years in a pre1978 housing unit? Would confirmation of the window installation based on property owner documentation (i.e., receipts, warranty paperwork, contracts) and/or date of manufacture of the windows be sufficient to exclude this work from the lead-safe work practices and other requirements? Answer The RRP Rule applies unless you have determined that all the components affected by the renovation, including the windows, are free of paint or other surface coatings that contain lead equal to or in excess of 1.0 milligrams per square centimeter (mg/cm2) or 0.5% by weight. This determination must be made 7 either by a certified inspector or risk assessor, or by a certified renovator using an EPA-recognized lead test kit or performing paint chip sampling. You must keep records of any lead-based paint free determination and make the records available to EPA if requested.

Question (23002-23701) When a certified renovator uses an EPA-recognized lead test kit or performs paint chip sampling to determine the presence of lead, can the results be grouped? For instance, may the certified renovator test just one window sill in a room if all will be affected? Answer No. The certified renovator must test each component affected by the renovation. If the components make up an integrated whole, such as the individual stair treads and risers of a single staircase, the renovator is required to test only one of the individual components, unless the individual components appear to have been repainted or refinished separately. Multiple window sills are not integrated parts of a whole. They are separate components and must be tested separately.

Question (23002-23255) What lead test kits are recognized by EPA? Answer To date, EPA has recognized three lead test kits for use in complying with the negative response criterion of the RRP rule. They are the 3M LeadCheckTM kit (for use on ferrous metal, plaster, drywall and wood), the State of Massachusetts kit (for use on drywall, plaster), and the D-Lead® kit (for use on wood, drywall, plaster, and ferrous metal). If a substrate material is not listed above (such as stucco, or nonferrous metals) then the EPA-recognized lead test kits cannot be used on that substrate to comply with the testing requirements of the RRP rule.

Question (23002-16393) How can I obtain 3M LeadCheckTM test kits? Answer The 3M LeadCheckTM test kits can be purchased from either 3M™ LeadCheck™ directly or from certain retail outlets. To order a 3M LeadCheck™ test kit call 800-494-3552.
Question (23002-15505) Does EPA recognize the 3M LeadCheckTM test kit for use on red paint? Answer Yes. EPA recognizes this lead test kit for use on any color paint as long as the lead test kit is used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Question (23002-18220) If a certified renovator using an EPA-recognized lead test kit or paint chip sampling determines that the components that will be affected by a renovation are free of lead-based paint, can a firm that does not have RRP certification do the actual renovation work? What record-keeping requirements would apply? 8 Answer Where a certified renovator performs paint chip sampling or uses an EPA-recognized lead test kit following the lead test kit manufacturer’s instructions, tests each component affected by the renovation, and determines that the components are free of paint or other surface coatings that contain lead at regulated levels, the renovation can be performed by a non-certified firm and without regard to the work practice standards or record-keeping requirements of the RRP Rule. See 40 CFR 745.82(a)(2). However, the certified renovator and firm performing the testing are still subject to the recordkeeping requirements of 745.86(b)(1)(ii) and (iii), and 745.86(a) and (c). Specifically, the certified renovator must prepare a record that states the brand of lead test kit used or the name and address of the EPA-recognized laboratory performing the paint chip analysis, a description of the components tested including their location, and results of the tests. The certified renovator’s firm must retain a copy of this record for three years. EPA further recommends that the firm actually performing the renovation also retain a copy of these records to demonstrate that compliance with the RRP Rule was not required.

Question (23002-19098) Is it true that the lead test kits that were recognized by EPA before September 1, 2010, are no longer recognized since that date? Answer No. The lead test kits that were recognized by EPA before September 1, 2010 did not automatically lose their recognition on September 1, 2010. As discussed in the 2008 RRP rule, prior to September 1, 2010, manufacturers seeking recognition of their lead test kit had to meet only the negative response criterion. EPA recognition of lead test kits meeting this criterion will last until EPA publicizes its recognition of a lead test kit that passes both the negative response and the positive response criteria.

Question (23002-25349) Will there be any Phase Two lead kits approved as a result of EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) evaluations? Answer Based on the results of the recent ETV evaluations no new lead test kits were approved that meet both the negative response and positive response criteria requirements. However, one lead test kit, D-Lead®, did meet the negative response criterion for drywall, plaster, ferrous metal and wood, and was recognized for use by certified renovators on August 31, 2010. Thus, after September 1, 2010, EPA will continue to recognize 3M LeadCheckTM, the State of Massachusetts kit, and the newly recognized D-Lead® kit.

Question (23002-16390) How can I obtain D-Lead® test kits? Answer The D-Lead® test kits are available for purchase from certain distributors and retail outlets. A list of theses distributors and retailers can be found by going to http://www.esca-tech.com, emailing [email protected], or by calling (414) 962-3006.

Question (23002-31777) My firm is not RRP-certified and does not employ an RRP-certified renovator. If we are asked to perform a renovation in a pre-1978 home, we first test the home for the presence of lead using an EPArecognized lead test kit. If lead is present, we decline the job. If lead is determined not to be present, we accept and proceed normally. Can we perform these lead tests without being a certified renovator? Answer No. When performing a renovation in a pre-1978 home, a firm is exempted from the requirements of the RRP Rule if a determination has been made that the surfaces affected by the renovation are free of paint or other surface coatings that contain lead equal to or in excess of 1.0 mg/cm2 or 0.5% by weight. However, in order for this exception to apply, the determination must be made by a certified lead inspector or risk assessor, or by a certified renovator using an EPA-recognized lead test kit and following the lead test kit manufacturer’s instructions.

Question (23002-31778) I am an EPA-certified lead risk assessor. Can I use an EPA-recognized lead test kit (e.g. 3M LeadCheckTM, D-Lead®, etc.) when assessing whether or not a pre-1978 home contains lead-based paint for purposes of the RRP Rule? Answer Yes. In addition to a certified renovator, a person certified by EPA as a risk assessor or lead inspector may use an EPA-recognized lead test kit to determine that regulated lead-based paint is not present in a home. Such a report can also be used to confirm that the RRP Rule would not apply to renovation activities in that home. A list of currently EPA-recognized lead test kits is available at: https://www.epa.gov/lead/lead-test-kits.

Question (23002-32520) Can a person who is color blind use the 3M LeadCheckTM test kits? Answer A certified renovator seeking to use an EPA-recognized lead test kit for RRP purposes must be able to use the lead test kit, and interpret the results, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. A person who is unable to accurately use the product due to some disability cannot, and should not, rely on any results for RRP purposes.

Question (23002-33650) Can a homeowner use an EPA-recognized lead test kit to check for lead-based paint? Answer A number of lead test kits are available for consumer purchase in most retail hardware stores, however, the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) states that consumers should exercise caution when using these lead test kits to evaluate consumer products for potential lead exposures. See https://www.cpsc.gov/content/cpsc-staff-study-home-lead-test-kits-unreliable. To test for lead-based paint in your home, EPA recommends that you hire a certified inspector or risk assessor. For determining whether lead-based paint is present in pre-1978 housing and childcare facilities that are subject to renovation, repair and painting regulations, EPA has recognized three lead test kits, but recognition only applies to use by Lead-Safe Certified renovators. 10 You may also choose to contact a laboratory recognized under EPA’s National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP) for lead paint chip, dust or soil sample analysis. A list of available NLLAP laboratories, including their recognized sample type(s), is available at http://www2.epa.gov/lead/nationallead-laboratory-accreditation-program-list.

Question (23002-20750) Under the RRP Rule, when testing a property for the presence of lead prior to beginning a renovation using an EPA-recognized lead test kit, must I test every component affected by the renovation? Answer Yes. Because certified renovator training does not cover sampling protocols, certified renovators using EPA-recognized lead test kits to determine the applicability of the RRP Rule must test each and every component that will be affected in order to determine that the RRP Rule does not apply to a particular renovation. 11 Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting General Information about the Lead Renovation, Repair, and Painting (RRP) Rule

Question (23002-22990) What is the purpose of the RRP Rule? Answer The purpose of the Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) Rule is to minimize exposure from lead-based paint dust during renovation, repair, or painting activities. This is a key effort in reducing the prevalence of childhood lead poisoning, particularly lead poisoning caused by housing contaminated by renovation activities. This will also minimize exposure to older children and adults who are also adversely impacted by lead-based paint dust exposure. Lead paint was used in more than 38 million homes prior to its ban for residential use in 1978. This paint can form toxic dust when it is disturbed during normal home repair work. EPA’s RRP program is designed to reduce lead contamination by training contractors in relatively simple lead-safe work practices, and certifying contractors to make sure that they follow lead-safe work practices. We also encourage consumers to choose firms that are certified.
Question (23002-21795) What does the RRP Rule require? Answer The RRP Rule requires that renovators are trained in the use of lead safe work practices, that renovators and firms be certified, that providers of renovation training be accredited, and that renovators follow specific work practice standards. Additional information on this rule can be found at https://www.epa.gov/lead/renovation-repair-and-painting-program.

Question (23002-24685) Who is covered by the RRP Rule? Answer The rule applies to all firms and individuals who are paid to perform renovation, repair, and painting projects that disturb paint in pre-1978 housing and child-occupied facilities. This includes home improvement contractors, maintenance workers, painters and other specialty trades.

Question (23002-19015) Is it a violation of the RRP Rule for a homeowner to hire a firm that is not certified? Answer The RRP rule does not impose requirements on homeowners. However, the hired firm would be in violation of the RRP Rule if it was uncertified and performing a covered renovation.

Question (23002-17725) How much will it cost contractors to comply with the RRP Rule? Answer In order to comply with the RRP rule, renovators will incur costs for EPA certification and costs to take a training course from an EPA-accredited training provider, as well as for supplies needed in order to carry out the required lead-safe work practices designed to reduce exposure to lead dust from renovations. Firm Certification and Training Costs: The rule requires renovation firms to become certified by EPA or an EPA-approved state RRP program in order to perform renovation, repair or painting activities for compensation in target housing or child-occupied facilities. EPA is required by law to charge firms a fee that covers the government’s cost of administering the program. Firm certification is valid for five years. The fee for most firms is $300, which is equivalent to a cost of $60 per year. In addition, the rule requires that firms use trained certified renovators for certain key parts of the job, such as containing the work area and conducting cleaning verification after the job’s completion. In most cases, firms have at least one certified renovator on staff. To be a certified renovator, an individual must take a training course from a private training provider accredited by EPA. The training is valid for five years. The cost of the training course is set by the private training provider and varies, but averages $186 (which is equivalent to a cost of about $40 per year). The trained renovators can then provide onthe-job training to their workers. Firms may also incur additional costs related to training and certification, such as the time spent on the activities, and for traveling to and from the training. EPA estimates that this costs $562 per person trained. This includes a tuition cost of $186, the value of time for the eight hours the renovator is in class ($253), the value of time for two hours traveling to and from class ($63), mileage costs to drive to and from the training ($49), and lunch while at the training ($9). Costs Associated with Lead-Safe Work Practices: Aside from the fixed costs for training and certification, renovators will also incur costs that vary depending on the size, type, and number of jobs performed. Lead test kits. Renovators may choose to use lead test kits to determine whether lead-based paint is present before the start of the job. The total cost of the lead test kits used depends on the number components tested, but is estimated to average $10 per job. The use of lead test kits is optional, but many renovators find the lead test kits helpful for determining which parts of the job are subject to the rule’s work practice requirements. Labor, equipment and supply costs. The rule also requires renovators to use work practices in order to reduce exposure to lead dust. As part of the rulemaking process, EPA estimated the labor, equipment, and supply costs for these work practices. To calculate the costs for the rule’s containment, cleaning, and cleaning verification requirements, EPA considered nine categories of renovation events (kitchen renovation, window replacement, painting, etc), for up to three sizes (small, medium, and large square footage) in up to three different dwelling types (single-family owner, single family rental, and multi-family rental) and in child-occupied facilities. EPA first estimated an absolute cost of complying with the lead-safe work practices required by a rule if a renovator did not use any containment, or perform any cleaning, or cleaning verification prior to the rule. EPA estimated the labor and materials costs associated with each lead-safe work practice for the various job types included in the analysis. However, EPA heard from the industry that renovators had been taking steps to control dust from renovations prior to the promulgation of the rule. Based on this input, EPA estimated an average incremental cost of each lead-safe work practice by subtracting the cost already being incurred by renovators for containment and cleaning from the estimate of the absolute cost of the rule’s requirements. 13 For typical jobs in single family homes, EPA estimated that the average absolute costs to comply with the rule ranged from $35 to $376, depending on the size and nature of the job. The average incremental costs of complying with the rule ranged from $8 to $124. For example: For a large window replacement job in a single-family home (12 windows), the average cost ranges between $124 for contractors who already used some of the required work practices, to $376 for contractors who did not use any of the required work practices. For a medium sized job removing portions of a wall in a single-family home (such as might be done to repair water pipes or electrical wiring), the average cost ranges between $41 for contractors who already used some of the required work practices, to $121 for contractors who did not use any of the required work practices. For an exterior painting job involving four exterior walls, the average cost ranges between $90 for contractors who already used some of the required work practices, to $245 for contractors who did not use any of the required work practices. Finally, firms incur a cost for paperwork and recordkeeping, in order to demonstrate compliance with the RRP rule’s training and work practice requirements. Renovators conduct millions of jobs each year, ranging from simple drywall repairs to complete kitchen and bath renovations, and from window replacements to building additions. While EPA estimated the compliance costs for various general sizes and types of work, EPA’s cost model is a simplified representation that cannot capture all of the variations from one job to another. EPA’s methodology does not estimate the cost for any individual job performed by a particular renovator. The cost for a particular contractor to comply with the rule may be considerably different from the sample jobs EPA considered, depending on factors such as the size, configuration, or other conditions of the work area; how the contractor uses his or her discretion to comply with the rule; and the prevailing local wage rates. Furthermore, EPA only estimated the cost of the work practices required by the rule. Some contractors may choose to take additional precautions beyond those required by the rule. These steps may provide extra protection for residents and renovation workers, but they also increase the cost of the work. And because EPA’s estimates reflect the cost to contractors, not the price paid by homeowners, the estimates do not include the contractor’s mark-up for profits. The purpose of EPA’s analysis was to compare the national cost of the rule’s requirements to the national benefits of the rule. The analysis indicated that the requirements of the rule are not excessive or overly burdensome in light of the importance of avoiding the potentially severe consequences of exposure to lead-based paint hazards.

Question (23002-23391) What records will my firm be required to keep? Answer The following records must be retained for three years following the completion of a renovation: • Reports (if any) certifying that lead-based paint is not present • Records relating to the distribution of the lead pamphlet • Documentation of compliance with the requirements of the regulation (EPA has prepared a sample form that is available at https://www.epa.gov/lead/sample-renovation-recordkeepingchecklist).

Question (23002-25279) Will insurance premiums go up for contractors covered by the rule that work in homes and child-occupied facilities with lead-based paint? Answer The practice of carrying insurance to cover work in older homes from potential lead poisoning damages is not new. The RRP Rule, because it sets a clear standard of care and allows contractors to demonstrate that they meet that standard by taking appropriate training and using proper work practices, could eventually lead to insurance premiums that reflect that proactive stance.

Question (23002-19407) Is there one document available that includes the latest version of the RRP Rule, with all amendments added to their associated locations, in complete form, and not including the preamble? Answer Yes. Visit the RRP Web site at https://www.epa.gov/lead/lead-regulations and click on “40 CFR Part 745 - Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Certain Residential Structures”.

Question (23002-18597) If there are differences among EPA’s, HUD’s, and my State’s requirements, which ones do I have to comply with? Answer You must comply with all applicable requirements. The initial 8-hour renovator training course will teach you how to perform lead-safe work practices safely and effectively in compliance with the EPA RRP Rule and the HUD Lead Safe Housing Rule. The RRP Rule is not intended to supersede or preempt any more stringent State or local laws.

Question (23002-19805) My school district will be performing asbestos abatement in a kindergarten classroom that was built before 1978. Do the asbestos abatement workers also need to comply with the RRP rule? Answer Yes, if the asbestos abatement disrupts over six square feet of painted surface per room in an interior, or over 20 square feet of painted surface on an exterior, or involves window replacement or demolition of painted surfaces. If so, the asbestos abatement will need to be performed by a firm certified under the RRP rule. The firm will be required to assign an RRP-certified renovator to the project, and workers will need to have been trained by a certified renovator. Of course, the asbestos abatement must be designed and conducted by persons accredited in accordance with the Model Accreditation Plan. The asbestos abatement will need to meet the RRP Rule work practice standards as well as the standards for asbestos abatement. For each element of the job, the contractor will need to determine which standards are more stringent and comply with those standards. Typically, the asbestos abatement containment and waste handling requirements are more stringent than the RRP Rule provisions, so compliance with the asbestos requirements will also serve as compliance with the RRP requirements. However, both the asbestos air clearance and the RRP cleanup and verification requirements must be 15 performed. Because the air clearance process is performed with the critical barriers still in place, it must be performed before RRP cleanup and verification.

Question (23002-15674) Does the RRP Rule apply to states and local governments? Answer The RRP Rule requires that renovators are trained in the use of lead safe work practices, that renovators and firms be certified, that providers of renovation training be accredited, and that renovators follow specific work practice standards. After April 22, 2010 contractors (including renovation, repair and painting workers, plumbers, electricians, HVAC professionals, etc.) working in pre-1978 homes, schools and child-care facilities must be EPA certified and trained in lead-safe work practices when conducting renovation, repair and painting activities that will disturb more than six square feet of painted surfaces on the interior of a building or more than 20 square feet on the exterior. Window replacements are covered activities.

Question (23002-18044) I am planning to renovate my home. How can I find a lead-safe certified firm? Answer EPA has a searchable database to help you locate lead-safe certified firms near you at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/flpp/searchrrp_firm.htm. In addition, you can call EPA’s lead hotline at 1-800-424- LEAD (5323) if you have questions.

Question (23002-18095) I have hired a firm to renovate my home, but now I am concerned about whether the firm is a lead-safe certified firm. How can I find out? Answer EPA has a searchable database to help you locate lead-safe certified firms near you at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/flpp/searchrrp_firm.htm. It is possible that your firm is not yet listed on EPA’s website, but is certified. If you do not find your firm on EPA’s website, you should call EPA’s lead hotline at 1-800-424-LEAD (5323) and speak to an expert who can help you find out whether your firm is certified.

Question (23002-17543) How long will it take EPA to process my application to be a lead-safe certified firm? Answer EPA is required to process your application within 90 days of receipt. In most instances, properly completed firm applications are processed in about one month.

Question (23002-18000) I am a renovation firm and I have contracted for a renovation in a pre-1978 home to begin on or after April 22, 2010. None of my people have taken the lead-safe certified renovator training yet. I found out the Certified Renovator classes near me are all full until after April 22, 2010. What should I do? Answer You should hold off on starting work in any pre-1978 home or child-occupied facility until you have taken the certified renovator training course from an EPA-accredited training provider. In addition, you should make sure that your firm is EPA certified. You can find out more information at https://www.epa.gov/lead/epa-lead-safe-certification-program. You can find an accredited training provider who is based near you by using EPA’s search tool at http://cfpub.epa.gov/flpp/searchrrp_training.htm. More than 340 EPA-accredited training providers have indicated to EPA that they are willing to travel to offer training classes. You can find a list of training providers, including those who are willing to travel, by using the same search tool.

Question (23002-17981) I am a firm and there are no training providers offering classes near me. What do I do? Answer More than 340 EPA-accredited training providers have indicated to EPA that they are willing to travel to offer training classes. You can find a list of training providers, including those who are willing to travel, by using EPA’s search tool at http://cfpub.epa.gov/flpp/searchrrp_training.htm.

Question (23002-18120) I operate a renovation firm and I have heard that my state will adopt its own lead Renovation, Repair and Painting program. Do I have to also be certified by EPA? Answer As of July 2011, twelve states have their own RRP programs (Alabama, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin). If your firm is located in one of these states, you should contact them for information on their certification requirements. If you work outside of one of those states, your firm needs to be certified by EPA.

Question (23002-16209) How can I find a certified renovation firm in my area? Answer EPA’s website includes a search tool that allows consumers to find certified firms in their area. You can find this search tool at http://cfpub.epa.gov/flpp/searchrrp_firm.htm. Alternatively, you can contact the National Lead Information Center at 1-800-424-LEAD for a list of contractors in your area.

Question (23002-25193) Will a renovator working for a firm that has submitted a certification application to EPA but has not received its certification be allowed to work on pre-1978 properties assuming compliance with all other requirements of the RRP Rule? 17 Answer No. Beginning April 22, 2010, no firm may perform, offer, or claim to perform renovations covered by the RRP Rule without certification from EPA. 18 Renovations Covered by the RRP Rule In General

Question (23002-17496) How is window repair or maintenance, as distinct from removal, treated under the RRP Rule? Would the rule apply to a job that replaced parts or components of a window, such as broken or failed glass, hardware, or balance systems, where some components might be painted, but the frame of the window would remain? Answer Replacing a pane of glass or fixing a broken window balancer is not a window replacement. However, this activity would be subject to the rule unless it meets the definition of minor repair and maintenance. To be considered minor repair and maintenance, the renovation must not disrupt more than six square feet of painted surfaces per room. Activities such as replacing a piece of glass in a window can disturb paint. The glazing that holds the pane in place in older windows is painted, and this glazing has to be removed for the pane to be replaced. Also keep in mind that when calculating the six square feet when a component is being removed, it's based on the surface area of the component.

Question (23002-15669) Does the RRP rule apply to renovations done in an apartment between tenants? Does it matter if children live in other apartments in the building? Answer Temporarily unoccupied or vacant housing rental is not exempt from the requirements of the RRP Rule.

Question (23002-19962) Does the Renovation, Repair, and Painting (RRP) Rule prohibit the deconstruction and reuse of old building materials containing lead-based paint? Answer No. The RRP Rule does not prohibit a firm from extracting, salvaging or reusing building materials that contain lead-based paint. However, the requirements of the RRP Rule may apply to these activities if they (1) occur in target housing or a child-occupied facility, and (2) disturb more than six square feet of interior painted surface or more than twenty square feet of exterior painted surface. Further, the RRP Rule only applies to renovations – the modification of an existing structure that results in the disturbance of painted surfaces. Demolition of an entire property is not a renovation for RRP purposes. Therefore, if deconstruction or salvage activities occur in conjunction with total demolition of the property, the RRP Rule would not apply. Conversely, if only a portion of the property is deconstructed, and the above two criteria are met, then the activity is a renovation and the requirements of RRP Rule apply. In such a case, firms must establish containment before deconstruction, and ensure that components to be reused are free of any lead-based paint dust or debris before they are removed from the work area.

Question (23002-19754) My firm is performing a renovation in an unoccupied home that will be put up for sale when work is done. Does the RRP Rule apply to this renovation? Answer Yes. Temporarily unoccupied or vacant housing is not exempt from the requirements of the RRP Rule.

Question (23002-15688) Does the RRP Rule apply to office buildings, stores, and other commercial buildings? Answer No, unless the renovation is taking place in a child-occupied facility that is located in a commercial building. “Child-occupied facility’’ means a building, or portion of a building, constructed prior to 1978, visited regularly by the same child, under six years of age, on at least two different days within any week (Sunday through Saturday period), provided that each day’s visit lasts at least three hours and the combined weekly visits last at least six hours, and the combined annual visits last at least 60 hours. Child-occupied facilities may include, but are not limited to, day care centers, preschools and kindergarten classrooms. Child-occupied facilities may be located in target housing or in public or commercial buildings. With respect to common areas in public or commercial buildings that contain child-occupied facilities, the child-occupied facility encompasses only those common areas that are routinely used by children under age six, such as restrooms and cafeterias. Common areas that children under age six only pass through, such as hallways, stairways, and garages are not included. In addition, with respect to exteriors of public or commercial buildings that contain child-occupied facilities, the child-occupied facility encompasses only the exterior sides of the building that are immediately adjacent to the child-occupied facility or the common areas routinely used by children under age six. Areas of a building that fall outside this definition are not “child-occupied facilities” for purposes of the RRP rule.

Question (23002-15684) Does the RRP Rule apply to federal employees performing work on federal facilities? Answer Yes. Federal agencies and their employees must comply with all Federal, State, interstate, and local requirements, both substantive and procedural, respecting lead-based paint in the same manner and to the same extent as any non-governmental entity. In addition, the RRP Rule requires all renovations performed after April 22, 2010, to be performed by a certified firm. The definition of “firm” includes federal agencies. Therefore, if the employees of a federal agency are performing renovations, the agency must be a certified firm and must follow the RRP Rule when performing the renovation.

Question (23002-15691) Does the RRP Rule apply to renovations that disturb ceramic tile where the glaze on the tile contains lead at regulated levels? 20 Answer No. Ceramic tile glaze is neither a surface coating nor a painted surface. Therefore, renovations that disturb ceramic tile glaze are not subject to the RRP Rule.

Question (23002-19759) My firm repairs windows in which the glass has been cracked or broken by removing and replacing the sash. For casement windows, we unscrew and remove the hinges on the old window, pull out the old sash, and install the new sash. For double-hung windows, we release the jambliner, pull out the sash with the damaged glass, and install the new sash. We may disturb paint on the hinges and screws, but do not otherwise disturb a painted surface. Is this work subject to the RRP Rule? Answer Replacement of a window sash by simply unscrewing hinges or releasing it from a jambliner does not constitute “window replacement” for purposes of the RRP Rule. Therefore, such tasks may fit within the definition of minor repair and maintenance i.e., activities that disturb six square feet or less of interior painted surface, or twenty square feet or less of exterior painted surface. If unscrewing a hinge or releasing a jambliner disturbs paint on the screws and/or hinges, but does not otherwise disturb a painted surface on the window sash, frame, casing, sill, trim or surrounding walls, then the activity likely disturbs less than six square feet of painted surface and would not be subject to the RRP Rule.

Question (23002-32207) I am removing aluminum siding from a pre-1978 home. The aluminum siding was nailed over the top of painted wood siding that tested positive for lead. The underlying painted surface is greater than twentysquare feet. Must I comply with the Rule when removing the aluminum siding? Answer: The work practices for exterior projects are based on a performance standard – if the activity disturbs a painted surface (generally, by creating paint chips or dust) in excess of 20 square feet, the work area must be contained so that dust or debris does not leave the work area while the renovation is being performed. In this case, if the removal of the aluminum siding results in the disturbance of paint in excess of 20 square feet, then the RRP Rule applies. However, if the removal activity could be performed in such a way that does not disturb 20 square feet of painted surface, then the RRP Rule would not apply. EPA recognizes that this may be difficult to determine in advance of the renovation activity. However, the renovator is the person with the expertise and experience to make this determination on a case-by-case basis. In such a situation, a renovator should consider how factors like the condition of the underlying paint or the chosen method of removal may increase or decrease the likelihood for a disturbance of paint. If there is still uncertainty, EPA recommends that renovators err on the side of caution and be prepared to contain any dust and debris.

Question (23002-15692) Does the RRP rule apply to simple painting activities that occur when rental properties turn over? Approximately half of the rental units in the country get new tenants each year. This means a large number of properties are being repeated. 21 Answer If there is no surface preparation that disturbs the existing paint prior to painting, the RRP Rule does not apply. If you disturb paint by scraping or sanding while preparing the surface, the RRP Rule applies.

Question (23002-15696) Does the RRP Rule apply where no paint at all is present, such as in a 100 year old unfinished basement? Answer No. The RRP Rule applies to activities that result in the disturbance of painted surfaces. Where there is no paint to disturb, the RRP Rule does not apply. Definition of “Renovation”

Question (23002-22108) What is a renovation? Answer The RRP Rule covers activities that modify an existing structure and that result in the disturbance of painted surfaces. All types of repair, remodeling, maintenance, modernization, and weatherization projects are covered, including projects performed as part of another Federal, State, or local program, if the projects meet the definition of ‘‘renovation’’. The term “renovation” includes (but is not limited to): • Removing, modifying or repairing painted surfaces or painted components. Examples include modifying painted doors, surface restoration, window repair, and surface preparation activity like sanding and scraping that may generate paint dust. • Removing building components such as walls, ceilings, plumbing, or windows. • Weatherization projects such as cutting holes in painted surfaces to install blown-in insulation or to gain access to attics, or planing thresholds to install weather-stripping. • Interim controls that disturb painted surfaces. The RRP Program rule only applies to persons who perform renovations for compensation.

Question (23002-18426) What is a “whole house gut rehabilitation project” for RRP purposes? What RRP requirements, if any, apply during a whole-house gut-rehabilitation project? If target housing has, at some point after 1978, been gut-rehabbed, would the RRP Rule apply to subsequent renovations on the property? Answer The phrase “gut rehabilitation” may have different meanings across the construction industry. EPA, however, used the phrase “whole house gut rehabilitation” in a very limited sense to describe only those activities that demolish and rebuild a structure to a point where it is effectively new construction. At a minimum, these activities include the removal and replacement of all interior and exterior painted surfaces, including windows. The term should not be confused with a comprehensive renovation as described in FQ 23002-23415. 22 If an activity meets these narrow criteria (i.e., if a firm demolishes and rebuilds a structure to the extent that it is effectively new construction), then the activity is not a renovation for purposes of the RRP Rule and therefore not subject to any RRP requirements. If, after 1978, target housing has been demolished and rebuilt to the extent that it is effectively new construction, subsequent renovations on the property would also not be subject to the RRP Rule. In other words, if target housing has been demolished and rebuilt to the extent that it is effectively new construction, it is no longer target housing. Conversely, if only a portion of the target housing has undergone a post-1978 modification (e.g., an overhaul of a kitchen or bathroom), then a subsequent renovation would still be covered under the RRP Rule.

Question (23002-23415) What RRP requirements apply to a comprehensive renovation project involving the removal and replacement of all interior painted surfaces from target housing or a child-occupied facility? Answer A project that involves the removal and replacement of all interior painted surfaces but leaves all exterior painted surfaces intact is considered a renovation for RRP purposes. Therefore, all requirements of the RRP Rule apply including, but not limited to, those for firm and renovator certification, containment, waste disposal, cleaning and verification, and recordkeeping. The type of activity described in the question should not be confused with a “whole house gut-rehabilitation project” that effectively results in new construction as discussed in FQ 23002-18426. EPA has recognized the fact that there may be circumstances where it is impossible for firms to meet all of the requirements under the RRP Rule. To the extent that performance of an RRP requirement would be impossible, the firm is excused from compliance. However, impossibility of one work practice does not excuse a firm from complying with other requirements. EPA further recommends that the firm document and keep records of the specific circumstances surrounding the impossibility. With respect to the comprehensive renovation activities described in the question, impossibilities may be more prevalent. For example, during removal of a floor, covering the floor surface with taped-down plastic sheeting as required by 40 CFR 745.85(a)(2)(i)(D) would be impossible. As described above, the firm would be excused from this requirement. Nevertheless, the firm must still ensure that the work area is properly contained. Windows, doors and ducts in the work area must be closed and covered. Precautions must be taken to ensure that all personnel, tools, and other items are free of dust and debris before leaving the work area. At the conclusion of each work day and at the conclusion of the renovation, waste that has been collected from renovation activities must be stored under containment, in an enclosure, or behind a barrier that prevents release of dust and debris out of the work area and prevents access to dust and debris, and disposed of properly. Following the renovation, the work area must also be cleaned until no dust, debris or residue remains. If no more painted surfaces will be disturbed, then cleaning may take place after either removal of all components, or after all new surfaces have been installed. Further, should cleaning or verification be impossible to achieve (for example, due to the nature of the surfaces), a firm must still make their best effort to collect and remove all paint chips, dust, debris and residue. See FQ 23002-15872.

Question (23002-13885) Are Department of Energy weatherization projects covered under the RRP Rule? 23 Answer The RRP Rule defines “renovation” to include weatherization projects such as cutting holes in painted surfaces to install blown-in insulation or to gain access to attics, and planing thresholds to install weather stripping. Other types of weatherization projects, such as window replacement, are also be covered if they fall within the definition of “renovation.”

Question (23002-15670) When a home or an apartment unit is repainted in preparation for a new tenant, is the painting activity always considered a “renovation” for purposes of the pre-renovation education requirements even if no surface preparation activity is performed prior to painting? Answer No. The primary determinant of whether a given activity constitutes a “renovation” under the RRP Rule is whether that activity disturbs a painted surface. The practice of recoating painted surfaces in preparation for new tenants would not constitute “renovation” unless accompanied by activities that disturb the painted surface and create paint dust such as sanding, scraping, or other surface preparation activities. Minor “spot” scraping or sanding can be considered “minor repair and maintenance activities” if no more than 6 square feet of paint is disturbed in any room or no more than 20 square feet of paint on any exterior to be painted, and the work does not involve practices prohibited by the Rule, such as power sanding without a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter attachment. Washing walls or other components prior to painting likely would not result in a disturbance of painted surface.

Question (23002-15672) Does the RRP Rule apply where no paint at all is present, such as in a 100-year-old unfinished basement? Answer No. The RRP Rule applies to activities that result in the disturbance of painted surfaces. Where there is no paint to disturb, the RRP Rule does not apply.

Question (23002-18485) If I am painting a wall on which there are multiple coats of latex paint over the old lead-based paint and the paint is not peeling down to the lead paint level must I comply with the new regulations? Answer Yes, if the painted surface of the wall will be disturbed by the renovation.

Question (23002-15680) Does the RRP Rule apply to demolishing and disposing of: • An entire pre-1978 home or building? • An entire, non-attached free-standing structure on the same property such as a garage, shed, or gazebo? • An attached but segregated section of pre-1978 home or building such as a sunroom, addition, two-story porch, or garage attached by a breezeway? 24 Answer The RRP Rule covers renovations, which are defined as modifications of existing structures or portions of structures. The rule does not apply to demolitions of an entire free-standing building or structure. The RRP Rule does apply to renovation activities that modify portions of existing structures. Waste from these activities must be contained to prevent releases of dust and debris before the waste is removed from the work area for storage or disposal. If a chute is used to remove waste from the work area, it must be covered. At the conclusion of each work day and at the conclusion of the renovation, waste that has been collected from renovation activities must be stored under containment, in an enclosure, or behind a barrier that prevents release of dust and debris out of the work are and prevents access to dust and debris. When the firm transports waste from renovation activities, the firm must contain the waste to prevent release of dust and debris.

Question (23002-14867) Can you list specific activities deemed a disturbance of painted surfaces? Answer As a general matter, EPA believes that activities that create dust or paint chips are activities that disturb paint. There is no definitive list of activities that disturb painted surfaces. Some examples that can disturb painted surfaces include, but are not limited to: • Making cut-outs in walls. • Replacing a window from the inside or outside. • Removing paint with a heat gun. • Scraping paint. • Removing kitchen cabinets. • Removing paint by abrasive sanding. • Removal of large structures, including demolition of interior plaster walls. • Window replacement.